ASPECTOS ÉTICOS Y LEGALES DE LA PRÁCTICA MÉDICA NO CONVENCIONAL

 
Resumen
La Práctica Médica No Convencional (PMNC) incluye diversas técnicas diagnósticas y terapéuticas utilizadas por profesionales de la Medicina. A partir de la presentación de algunos de los elementos que caracterizan su actividad propongo el estudio de la Ética como instrumento de reflexión sobre la propia PMNC. Surgen reflexiones, interrogantes, lagunas ético-legales y propuestas que invitan al debate.

Palabras Clave Práctica médica no convencional, competencia profesional, deontología, ética.
Introducción
La colaboración Cochrane define medicina alternativa como "un amplio dominio de recursos curativos que engloba a todos los sistemas de salud, modalidades, prácticas y sus teorías y creencias acompañantes, diferentes de aquellas intrínsecas al sistema de salud políticamente dominante de una sociedad o cultura particular en un período histórico dado"1. Otras denominaciones para estas actividades son: medicina complementaria, natural o paralela, técnicas médicas no convencionales y técnicas médicas no reguladas. En este artículo me referiré genéricamente a ellas como práctica médica no convencional (PMNC).

Un listado no exhaustivo de estas técnicas supera la veintena. De ellas las que probablemente cuentan con más profesionales entre los médicos de nuestro país son Naturismo, Acupuntura y Homeopatía, existiendo secciones colegiales específicas en varios Colegios Oficiales de Médicos (COM). El abordaje de los aspectos éticos y legales de la PMNC no parece ser prioritario entre los intereses de sus profesionales. Al menos no es asunto frecuente en sus foros y medios de comunicación, salvo excepciones2.

Procexión (Iniciando un proceso de reflexión)

A diferencia de áreas médicas con competencias delimitadas y perfiles profesionales definidos y homogéneos, resulta complejo establecer un modelo teórico-práctico de actuación y a partir de ahí un perfil básico profesional en la PMNC. Se acepta que sus profesionales se adhieren a los objetivos generales de la Medicina, en cuanto a prevenir la enfermedad y promocionar la salud, aliviar el sufrimiento causado por la enfermedad, asistir y tratar al enfermo y velar por una muerte digna. El sentido común presupone que ellos saldrán airosos de cuantas vicisitudes les plantee la práctica asistencial. Sin embargo, como expresa Cruceiro,
ni la experiencia ni el sentido común garantizan que los médicos puedan identificar o
resolver adecuadamente los problemas éticos que hoy les plantea el ejercicio clínico3.

Un análisis en profundidad de la situación actual de la PMNC en nuestro país desborda el propósito de este escrito pero sería necesario para el abordaje de sus implicaciones éticas y legales. Sin entrar en profundidades podemos apuntar que, considerada en su conjunto o en cada una de sus modalidades, la PMNC presenta las siguientes características:
- Ausencia de un campo asistencial delimitado, en el sentido ordinario de este concepto aplicado a especialidades médicas y áreas de capacitación específicas.
- Fragmentación notable de técnicas y procedimientos, y, dentro de cada técnica, de métodos de aplicación de la misma, que condiciona una notable heterogeneidad de la práctica profesional.
- La incertidumbre como condicionante de sus actuaciones asistenciales, ante la escasez de evidencias científicas que la avalen.
- Carencia de controles de calidad internos y externos, objetivos y contrastables, en lo referente a los aspectos asistenciales, docentes y formativos.
- Formación continuada fluctuante, escasamente estructurada y generalmente no acreditada. Ausencia de recertificación periódica.
- Interacción con la comunidad científica anecdótica en cuanto a comunicaciones, publicaciones y trabajos de investigación conjuntos, condicionada por una serie de factores: falta de interés, escasa formación en revisión crítica de la literatura médica y en metodología de investigación, acceso limitado a recursos estadísticos, carencia de tradición e infraestructura investigadoras y de apoyo académico, entre otros.

En este contexto de incertidumbre científica, de diversidad de competencias profesionales, de heterogeneidad de la práctica y de escasez de controles de calidad de su actividad no es descabellado pensar que dilemas éticos y quizá problemas legales surgirán en la PMNC en forma proporcional al aumento de este tipo de práctica médica. En el Cuadro 1 presento algunos ejemplos de situaciones potencialmente generadoras de conflictos.


¿Qué es qué?

Ante una decisión clínica se establece en la relación médico-paciente una confluencia de diferentes intereses y valores entre el sistema o profesional sanitario que ofrece una determinada técnica y el paciente que decide desde su autonomía, en un marco de justicia tutelado por el estado de Derecho.  A los profesionales sanitarios puede resultarnos en ocasiones difícil distinguir entre Derecho, Deontología y Bioética. En forma esquemática podemos afirmar que las leyes de una sociedad representan los acuerdos de mínimos
entre ciudadanos con sistemas de valores distintos; los códigos deontológicos profesionales recogen los deberes y normas éticas que rigen el correcto ejercicio de cada profesión; y la Bioética nos ayuda a analizar
una situación determinada –considerando los diversos agentes, puntos de vista, valores e intereses que confluyen en la misma- y a buscar el mejor curso de acción posible.


El Marco legal  

Cualquier estudio de los aspectos ético-legales de la PMNC debe considerar el marco jurídico en el que se desarrolla la actividad asistencial en nuestros días. En el ámbito de la relación médico-paciente lo más destacable es la evolución del modelo paternalista, que ha caracterizado la praxis médica desde sus inicios, al reciente modelo autonomista. Ello se ha visto progresivamente reflejado en el Derecho. Se presentan en la tabla adjunta los principales hitos de la legislación en los ámbitos internacional y estatal que respaldan jurídicamente este nuevo modelo. Complementándola, existe legislación en el ámbito de varias comunidades autónomas de nuestro país4. Asimismo, se están haciendo esfuerzos divulgativos dirigidos al público sobre derechos y deberes en su relación con los sistemas sanitarios5.

El Marco Deontológico

El término Deontología procede del griego "deontos", que significa deber. Es el conjunto de deberes de una profesión, expresado en un código de normas que afectan a los profesionales de un determinado colectivo.
En 1999, la Organización Médica Colegial (OMC) publicó el Código de Ética y Deontología Médica que orienta las actuaciones médicas en múltiples ámbitos6. Es indudable el apoyo que la OMC viene mostrando en los últimos años a la PMNC: en tanto sus actividades diagnósticas y terapéuticas se ajusten al concepto de acto médico, deben ser realizadas solo por médicos. Existe un Documento emitido por la OMC referente a estas medicinas alternativas7. No obstante, una lectura atenta de los artículos 21.1 y 22 del citado código podría dar la impresión de que se equipara la PMNC con el charlatanismo, desde el punto de vista ético. Veamos (la cursiva es mía):

Art. 21: 1. El ejercicio de la medicina es un servicio basado en el conocimiento científico, en la destreza técnica y en las actitudes éticas (…)
2. En tanto las llamadas Medicinas no convencionales no hayan conseguido dotarse de base científica, los médicos que las aplican están obligados a informar a los pacientes, de forma clara e inteligible, de su carácter complementario.
Art. 22: No son éticas las prácticas inspiradas en el charlatanismo, las carentes de base científica y que prometen a los enfermos curaciones; los procedimientos (…) insuficientemente probados que se proponen como eficaces; (…)

Sería discutible hacer las cualidades éticas de la PMNC tan científico-dependientes cuando la propia práctica convencional tiene tantas lagunas científicas. Se ha estimado que tan solo el 15% de todos sus procedimientos tienen una suficiente evidencia científica que la avalen8. Si la valoración ética de cualquier actividad médica dependiese únicamente de la dotación de su base científica,
llegaríamos a la conclusión de que en torno al 85% de la práctica médica convencional no es ética. Carecer de base científica no la priva necesariamente de ética, y sería prudente conceder a la PMNC un margen similar de confianza siempre que demuestre una voluntad de validación científica de sus prácticas. Mi propuesta al respecto sería tener en cuenta la opinión de los profesionales de la PMNC en ulteriores actualizaciones del Código de Ética y Deontología Médica, de modo que su ejercicio profesional no quede virtualmente descalificado desde la perspectiva ética por el solo hecho de la escasez de base científica. No tiene que haber una ética particular de la PMNC pero sí una ética que considere los aspectos peculiares de la misma.

Esto nos lleva a otro asunto de importancia en la PMNC y que en esta aproximación a los aspectos éticos y legales de la PMNC solo voy a mencionar: la lex artis ad hoc. Dos posibles escenarios, con el profesional y el paciente como protagonistas, respectivamente:

1. Si un profesional de la PMNC trata a un paciente diagnosticado de una enfermedad infecciosa y la evolución es mala, ¿entra en riesgo de complicaciones deontológicas y legales por no haber aplicado la correspondiente lex artis (en este caso terapia antimicrobiana)? ¿Hasta qué punto le evita tales riesgos el consentimiento informado por escrito del paciente? ¿O sería suficiente hacer constar en la historia clínica su aceptación del tratamiento no convencional?

2. Del mismo modo, la autonomía del paciente, expresada en las llamadas voluntades anticipadas o instrucciones previas, quedaría restringida por la lex artis, según el artículo 11/3 de la Ley 41/2002: No serán aplicadas las instrucciones previas contrarias (…), a la "lex artis" (…)9.

Tampoco voy a abundar aquí en el consentimiento informado, a tener muy en cuenta en la PMNC en el contexto de la nueva relación médico-paciente. Baste recordar sus tres componentes que le dan validez: información suficiente, comprensible e información como proceso continuo de comunicación, que ocasionalmente requerirá apoyo escrito; competencia o capacidad para comprender y voluntariedad o ausencia de coerción para decidir. Remito a dos artículos de la citada Ley 41/2002 que invitan a reflexionar sobre la conveniencia de su aplicación cuando los profesionales de la PMNC se disponen a tratar determinadas patologías (de nuevo, la cursiva es mía):

Art. 2.3: El paciente o usuario tiene derecho a decidir libremente, después de recibir la información adecuada, entre las opciones clínicas disponibles.
Art. 10.2: El médico responsable deberá ponderar en cada caso que cuanto más dudoso sea el resultado de una intervención más necesario resulta el previo consentimiento por escrito del paciente.

Ética y competencia profesional  

El término ética procede del griego «étos» que significa costumbres o conducta. El término bioética
fue utilizado por primera vez en 1970. Son de dominio público las referencias de la bioética aplicada en múltiples áreas: ética del principio y del final de la vida, de la investigación clínica, de la biotecnología, de la donación y trasplante de órganos, etc. Como ya he
referido, no es un asunto tan frecuente en los foros de comunicación de la PMNC.
A diferencia del Derecho, la Ética no tiene por objeto determinar si algo está o no permitido (no realiza análisis jurídicos) sino que intenta encontrar el curso de acción óptimo. En palabras de Gracia: "No existe una ética universal excepto en un sentido muy genérico, de conciencia moral. En lo relativo a sus contenidos morales no tienen por qué ser exactamente los mismos en todo lugar o momento histórico" 10.

Complementando las directrices del Código de Ética y Deontología Médica de la OMC, diversas sociedades médicas han desarrollado sus propios códigos de conducta al objeto de sustentar las decisiones a adoptar frente a posibles conflictos11. Una aproximación principialista a los aspectos éticos de la PMNC se basaría en los llamados principios clásicos de la bioética, expuestos en el Cuadro 2. Ninguno de estos principios es absoluto, todos tienen límites. Por ejemplo, el código penal pone límites a la autonomía. Y acabo de manifestar mi opinión acerca de la cuestionable equiparación de la no maleficencia con lo "científicamente correcto", en detrimento de su significado más neutral referido a la competencia profesional.

Toda actuación ética parte del primun non nocere de los clásicos, el actual principio de no maleficencia. Como en otras áreas de la Medicina la PMNC debe estar guiada fundamentalmente por la competencia profesional. El estudio de la ética aplicada a la PMNC, en particular la aplicación de este principio, exige definir previamente una filosofía de la PMNC, conocer previamente el qué, el cómo y el por quién de su actividad asistencial.

Es preciso enfatizar la necesidad de establecer la competencia profesional como punto de partida de toda consideración ética. De hecho, el primer obstáculo para una aproximación al estudio de los factores éticos de la PMNC es la ambigua definición del marco competencial de las diversas técnicas. Si pretendemos adoptar un enfoque ético para determinar la correcta manera de actuar en diferentes situaciones clínicas, en la comunicación con pacientes y allegados, en las relaciones con otros profesionales, instituciones y administraciones, en la formación continuada, en la investigación y en la docencia, tenemos que definir en primer lugar competencias y delimitar campos de conocimiento.

Al definir previamente el modelo teórico-práctico de actuación de los profesionales de la PMNC se habrá cumplido la primera condición para un eventual abordaje de sus aspectos éticos y legales. Si surgen conflictos será necesario fundamentar las decisiones tomadas. Y, ¿cómo hacerlo en ausencia de dicho modelo teórico-práctico de actuación? Ahora bien, de la simple descripción de valores, actitudes y actuaciones no se pueden deducir pautas éticas. Podemos decir con Hume que de lo meramente descriptivo no puede deducirse lo normativo. Es solo el primer paso, insuficiente pero necesario.

En una aproximación a las implicaciones éticas y legales de la PMNC es preciso no olvidar los aspectos docentes, formativos y de investigación, además de los asistenciales, como potencialmente generadores de conflictos
de intereses entre médicos, pacientes, instituciones, proveedores y en general cualquier sujeto activo del sistema sanitario. Por ejemplo, ¿qué cualidad ética tendría una formación continuada de los profesionales de la PMNC si se prescindiera de las auténticas necesidades sanitarias de la población y formativas de los médicos? ¿Si se basase en abstracciones, elucubraciones y otras distracciones intelectuales, de imposible reproductibilidad y dudosa aplicación práctica? Sospecho que justita.

En Marzo de 2007, en la sede de nuestro COM provincial, el colectivo regional de médicos homeópatas tuvimos la oportunidad de debatir con una experta en Bioética aspectos éticos y legales de la PMNC, en lo que probablemente habrá sido una de las primeras experiencias en este sentido en nuestro país. Creo que en un futuro próximo se irá tomando conciencia de la importancia de la Ética como instrumento de reflexión y de mejora de la actividad profesional en este ámbito. A su vez, ello redundará en una mejor adecuación legal de la misma. A más largo plazo, el tiempo y la necesidad condicionarán la existencia de comités éticos asesores, o similares, impulsados desde el ámbito de las agrupaciones profesionales, con el doble objetivo de formar a los profesionales de la PMNC en valores y de asesorarles en la resolución de posibles conflictos éticos y legales que puedan surgir en la práctica asistencial.


Conclusión  

Considerando los marcos legal y deontológico de la práctica médica actual las características de la PMNC la hacen particularmente vulnerable a posibles conflictos éticos y legales. Anticipándose a ello sus profesionales podrían considerar digna de atención la discusión de estos aspectos de su actividad profesional. Al mismo tiempo punto de partida y objetivo permanentemente actualizable de mejora profesional, la determinación de la correcta manera de actuar desde los puntos de vista competencial, ético y legal en la PMNC se configura como la auténtica piedra angular de todo este planteamiento.


Cuadro 1. Algunos ejemplos de situaciones potencialmente generadoras de
conflictos en la PMNC.
- Un paciente solicita fotocopia de toda su historia clínica porque quiere consultar su caso con otro profesional.
- Un adolescente de 15 años solicita consulta médica no convencional, acude solo.
- Acude a la consulta un matrimonio de jubilados. En conversación aparte, la esposa refiere que a su marido se le ha diagnosticado cáncer, aunque, por decisión de la familia, él lo ignora. Aporta informes que documentan el diagnóstico. La esposa solicita tratamiento no convencional para su marido, pero sin que éste conozca el diagnóstico.
- Una persona, conocida en la consulta, solicita tratamiento para un familiar aquejado de un mal aparentemente menor que no está respondiendo bien a la medicación prescrita por su médico de atención primaria y que, debido a su trabajo, no puede acudir en horario de consulta. Ud. le recomienda determinado tratamiento no convencional. Tres meses después se le diagnostica a este paciente una enfermedad maligna con pronóstico fatal. Su familia está recabando datos de las actuaciones profesionales que el paciente ha recibido recientemente, están recelosos de que quizá se hayan producido retrasos en las actuaciones médicas. Le solicitan a Ud. un informe respecto de aquella prescripción que realizó por intermediación.
- Paciente diagnosticado de enfermedad psiquiátrica que le condiciona fluctuación de su competencia en tiempos cortos. Refiere estar harto de las pastillas, que ha dejado de tomar, y le solicita terapia no convencional.
- Un profesional de la PMNC acepta el caso de un paciente afecto de una enfermedad infecciosa. Bajo tratamiento no convencional la evolución es mala y fallece pocos días después en shock séptico. La familia presenta una denuncia porque el paciente no recibió "a tiempo" la convencional terapia antimicrobiana; argumentan que el paciente no fue informado de esta posibilidad.
- Un paciente hospitalizado solicita tratamiento no convencional.
- Un paciente deja expresamente declarado en sus voluntades anticipadas que en el caso de enfermedad terminal solo se le aplique una determinada técnica no convencional.


Tabla. Principales hitos en la legislación del modelo autonomista.
AÑO LEY OBSERVACIONES
1948 Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos Punto de partida del reconocimiento explícito de derechos humanos.
1948 Código de Nuremberg Ningún individuo será incluido en ninguna investigación sin su consentimiento.
1978 Informe Belmont Se formulan los principios básicos de la Bioética: autonomía, no maleficencia, beneficencia y justicia.
1978 Constitución Española Art. 43. Regula el derecho a la protección de la salud.
1984 Carta de los derechos y deberes de los pacientes Formaba parte del Plan de Humanización de la Asistencia Hospitalaria, antesala de la LGS, con el que se pretendía poner fin al modelo paternalista. Se crean las unidades de atención al paciente.
1986 Ley 14/1986 General de Sanidad Plasmación de los derechos y deberes relativos a la información clínica y la autonomía individual de los pacientes en lo relativo a su salud.
1990 Ley 25/1990 del Medicamento En su Art.60 alude al consentimiento informado.
1994 Declaración sobre la promoción de los derechos de los pacientes en Europa. Oficina Regional para Europa de la OMS. Se proponen una serie de acciones en este sentido.
1996 Convenio de Oviedo del Consejo de Europa sobre los derechos humanos y la biomedicina. Sobre la necesidad de reconocer los derechos de los pacientes entre los cuales destacan el derecho a la información, el consentimiento informado y la intimidad de la información. Considerado como el "documento de mínimos" de nuestro entorno geo-cultural.
1999 Ley 15/1999 de Protección de datos de carácter personal Se consideran los datos relativos a la salud de los ciudadanos como especialmente protegidos.
2002 Ley 41/2002 Básica reguladora de la autonomía del paciente y de derechos y obligaciones en materia de información y documentación clínica. Completa las previsiones que la Ley General de Sanidad enunció como principios generales, reforzando el derecho a la autonomía del paciente y dando un trato especial a la documentación clínica generada en los centros asistenciales. Introduce el reconocimiento legal de las Instrucciones Previas



Cuadro 2. Los cuatro principios clásicos de la bioética
- No maleficencia. Evitar al paciente daños innecesarios. No realizar actuaciones contraindicadas. Equiparable a competencia profesional.
- Justicia. Garantizar la no discriminación, favorecer una distribución equitativa y eficiente de los recursos.
- Autonomía. Respetar las decisiones del paciente. Supone capacidad para comprender, libertad para decidir y voluntariedad para actuar.
- Beneficencia. Procurar el bien a cada paciente desde el respeto a su libertad personal, cuyo contenido se determina entre quien lo hace y quien lo recibe.



Referencias
1. Zollman C, Vickers A. What is complementary medicine? British Medical Journal, 1999; 319:693-6.
2. Mérida SM. Técnicas médicas no convencionales y publicidad. Informe técnico. Esculapio, Nº 1. Primavera-verano 2006: 38-42.
3. Couceiro A. Introducción a la Bioética. En Medicina Interna, 2ª edición. Editores: Rodés Teixidor J, Guardia Massó J.
4. Ley Foral 11/2002, de 6 de mayo, sobre los derechos del paciente a las voluntades anticipadas, a la información y a la documentación clínica. Boletín Oficial de Navarra, Nº 58, 13/05/2002.
5. Iraburu M. Con voz propia. Decisiones que podemos tomar ante la enfermedad. Alianza Editorial, 2005.
6. http://www.cgcom.es/pdf/Codigo.pdf.
7. Serie de documentos especiales de la OMC, Documento XII "Medicinas alternativas y terapias médicas no convencionales": http://www.cgcom.org/periodico_omc/2004/cuadernillo.odf.
8. Rodrigo I. Curso de preparación examen MIR1997. AMENA.
9. Ley 41/2002, de 14 de noviembre, básica reguladora de la autonomía del paciente y de derechos y obligaciones en materia de información y documentación clínica. Boletín Oficial del Estado n. 274 de 15/11/2002: 40126-32.
10. Entrevista con Diego Gracia. Panacea Nº 76, Dic 2006: 24-28.
11. Código Ético. Sociedad Española de Medicina Intensiva Crítica y
Unidades Coronarias. Primera edición: Diciembre de 2005.


Agradecimientos
A Marga Iraburu y a Azucena Couceiro, por sus sugerencias desde su vasta perspectiva.



Autor: Dr. Marino Rodrigo Bañuelos.
Colaboración para Revista Homeopática, abril de 2007, publicado en noviembre 2007: RH, 2007, Nº 59.



 

INFORME VACUNA TOSFERINA, COMBINADA Y EMBARAZO


Introducción El sábado 18 de enero de 2014 aparece por primera vez en algunos diarios y televisiones de Catalunya la propuesta de vacunar a las embarazadas entre la 27ª-36ª semana de embarazo de la Vacuna de la Tosferina incluida en la combinada DTPa (1).

Se esgrime como razón que en el período 2008-2011 ha habido en Catalunya 13 fallecidos por la tosferina (dato que después comprobaremos que es falso, no habiéndose producido ningún fallecimiento).

Ante la imposibilidad de parar la infección y la corta protección que la vacuna de la tosferina confiere se propone comenzar el programa masivo de vacunación a todas las embarazadas.

El coste en Catalunya de dicha campaña es de 300.000 euros.

Se presenta como pionera en el estado español.

Resulta ser una avanzadilla sanitaria para que se implemente en todos los territorios del Estado Español.
 
Recomendaciones del "Grup Mèdic de Reflexió de Vacunes" (GMRV)
En base a todas estas consideraciones recomendamos no utilizar la vacuna de la tosferina entera o acelular ni sus combinadas en el embarazo, en la infancia y en las edades adultas.


La vacuna de la Tosferina
 
La Vacuna de la Tosferina o Pertussis entera (Pw),  cepas pertussis sin identificar componentes, se utiliza minoritariamente en España desde 1956 y de forma masiva a partir de 1965.

 
 
Es económica.

Nunca fue la causa de la disminución de la Tosferina en España. Su eficacia que no superaba el 36% desde el inicio, con una protección inferior a los 2 años, vigilada por sus graves efectos adversos y su baja capacidad de protección, fue siempre puesta en tela de juicio entre los vacunalistas de la época (2).

Se observa desde hace tiempo que la mayor parte de la población que sufre tosferina ya ha sido vacunada.

La Vacuna de la Tosferina o Pertussis acelular (Pa), componentes de las cepas identificados, que se utiliza a partir de 1996, con una eficacia inferior al 36% y con una protección inferior a los 2 años, tampoco ha podido acallar las dudas inicialmente creadas tras los estudios realizados 20 años después y de ser presentada exitosamente a la opinión pública.

Aún a pesar de vacunar con 5 dosis, no se ha observado ninguna ventaja en Alemania, Francia, Holanda, EUA y Canadá.

Es una vacuna cara.

En realidad, algunos de los muchos componentes de la bacteria Bordetella pertussis no se descubren hasta bien entrada la década de los 80 (3).

Se sabe ahora, años después de utilizar la vacuna de la tosferina entera, que ésta llevaba substancias innecesarias y tóxicas para el organismo (se detallan más adelante).

Epidemiología Tosferina en España y Cataluña
En el período 1901-1965 el descenso de la mortalidad y de la morbilidad en España fue del 99´15%.

En el año 1901 el número de fallecidos era de 4.000 personas.

En 1921 de 2.000.

En 1930 de 1.114.

En 1940 de 800 personas.

En 1956 de 500.

En 1965 de 33 personas.

Este descenso de la mortalidad en España adquiere mayor notoriedad si tenemos en cuenta que la población española en 1901 era de 18 millones, mientras que en 1965 se doblaba dicha cifra(4).

En Cataluña, en 1951 el número de fallecidos era de 17 personas.

En 1956 de 17 personas.

En 1965 de 4 personas.

En 1.970 un solo fallecido y en 1.988 ninguna persona fallecida.

Los últimos fallecimientos, 5 personas en total, acaecen en 1986.

Actualmente, desde finales de la década de los 80, en Cataluña no ha fallecido ninguna persona afectada por la tosferina.

Desde principios de 1990 cada año se han venido declarando en Cataluña 200 personas afectadas de tosferina y en España 513 personas (5).

En el período 2011-2012 se ha observado un aumento, y en Cataluña 1.815 personas confirmadas de tosferina, la mayoría vacunadas.

En Cataluña ningún fallecimiento (6).

Componentes de la Vacuna Tosferina Acelular (Pa)
Los países que la pueden pagar es la que la utilizan masivamente en la actualidad.
Cabe destacar la presencia en esta vacuna de los siguientes compuestos:
- filtrado del Bacilo Pertussis (4-8 U.I),
- hemaglutinina (8-25),
- pertactina (2´5-8),
- derivado mercurial o tiomersal (25-50 microgramos) ,
- sales de aluminio(500-2.000 microgramos),
- formaldehído (12-100 microgramos),
- cloruro sódico (4.500 microgramos),
- glutaldehído,
- fenoxietanol (5-2.500 microgramos),
- polisorbato 20 y 80 (25-100 microgramos),
- glicina,
- fenilalanina,
- lactosa,
- trometamol (600 microgramos),
- sacarosa o azúcar,
- fosfato sódico,
- fosfato monopotásico,
- antibióticos (neomicina, polimixina, estreptomicina),
- Medio 199 de Hanks (aminoácidos, vitaminas y minerales),
- ácido clorhídrico,
- ácido acético,
- carbonato de sodio y
- bicarbonato de sodio (7).


Actualmente no existen monovacunas de la tosferina (8). No se administra sola sino como mínimo combinada con difteria y tétanos (DTPa).
El motivo sigue siendo el mismo: para garantizar un mínimo de eficacia de la vacuna de la tosferina se combina con otras para desencadenar una potente reacción inflamatoria e infecciosa posvacunal.
La utilización de los derivados del ácido acetil salicílico y del paracetamol está contraindicada tras esta vacunación (9).

Efectos Adversos Vacuna Tosferina
Es una de las vacunas, la entera y la acelular, reconocidas universalmente desde sus inicios como altamente reactógena 10), en el sentido de que la mayoría de las personas vacunadas pueden padecer la tosferina inmediatamente o a medio plazo (11). Sus efectos adversos son numerosos.

Encefalopatía postvacunal (entre 1 cada 10 a 25.000 vacunaciones).
Las vacunas, entera y acelular, pueden producir la:
- encefalitis aguda y la
- encefalopatía en forma de muerte súbita, convulsiones, espasmos infantiles, epilepsia, parálisis o mielitis, hipotonía, autismo, trastornos del aprendizaje,  trastornos del sueño (narcolepsia, somnolencia, insomnio, hiperactividad, irritabilidad, grito, llanto, etc.),
- anorexia,
- alergia (anafilaxia),
- diabetes,
- cambios en el ritmo cardíaco y derrame pericardio (12).

Se considera actualmente que el riesgo de encefalopatía posvacunal puede oscilar entre 1 persona afectada por cada 10 dosis, 1/100 dosis, 1/1.000 dosis, 1/10.000 dosis y 1/25.000 dosis (13).

A estos efectos posvacunales hemos de añadir los que se producen tras la vacunación en el período intrauterino (entre 27ª-36ª semana de embarazo), como pueden ser:
- bajo peso intrauterino,
- sufrimiento fetal,  
- retraso en el crecimiento intrauterino,  
- encefalopatía,  
- muerte intrauterina,
- diabetes neonatal,
- procesos desmielinizantes precoces,
- miopatías precoces,
- alergias neonatales y
- tumores intrauterinos.

Las substancias tóxicas que pueden alterar el funcionamiento cerebral son los antibióticos, el tiomersal, cloruro de sodio y las sales de aluminio.  

Los tóxicos que pueden generar reacciones alérgicas son el formaldehído, los polisorbatos 20 y 80, los fosfatos, el fenoxietanol, la lactosa y los antibióticos.    

Los tóxicos que pueden afectar al aparato cardiovascular, renal y pancreático son las sales de aluminio, cloruro de sodio, sacarosa y trometamol.

Los tóxicos que pueden afectar la carga genética intrauterina son las sales de aluminio y los derivados mercuriales.

Recomendaciones del "Grup Mèdic de Reflexió de Vacunes" (GMRV)
En base a todas estas consideraciones recomendamos no utilizar la vacuna de la tosferina entera o acelular ni sus combinadas en el embarazo, en la infancia y en las edades adultas.

Relación Bibliográfica:
1. Bonilla, Lara. Catalunya vacunarà de la tosferina les embarassades. Diari ARA. dissabte, 18 de gener del 2014.
2. Campins, Magda. Estado actual de la inmunización frente a la tosferina. 2000 Vacunas. Ed. Prous Science. Año 2000.
3. Salleras, Lluis. Vacuna Antipertussis. Vacunaciones Preventivas. Ed. Masson S.A. Año 1998.
4. Marín, Juan. Vacuna Tosferina. Vacunaciones sistemáticas en cuestión. Ed. Icaria. Año 2004.
5. Comentario epidemiológico de las Enfermedades de Declaración Obligatoria y Sistema de Información Microbiológica. España 2003-2004. Boletín Epidemiológico. Instituto de Salud Carlos III.
6. Carmona, Gloria. Evolució de la tosferina a Catalunya durant els anys 2004-2012. BEC. Volumen XXXIV. Agost 2013, nº8.
7. Pilette, Jean. Constituants Importants des Vaccins. Maladies Infectieuses et Vaccins. Première Edition. 2011.
8. De Aristegui, Javier. Vacunaciones en el niño. Vacuna Tosferina. Ed. CICLO. Año 2004.
9. Anónimo. Inmunología. Aspirina y Paracetamol podrían interferir en las vacunas. Diario Correo Médico. Octubre 2009.
10. Anónimo. La Vacuna contra el catarro (pertussis). Notificació Voluntària de Reaccions Adverses a Medicaments. Targeta Groga. Butlletí Informatiu, nº 8. Agost-Setembre 1986.
11.Carmona, Gloria. BEC. Evolució de la tosferina a Catalunya període 2004-2012.Volum XXXIV, Agost 2013. Nº 8.
12. Salellas, Lluís. Vacuna Pertussis. Reacciones adversas atribuidas a las vacunas antipertussis enteras. Vacunaciones Preventivas. Ed. Massos SA. 1998.
13. Ficha Técnica Informativa. Vacuna Combinada PENTAVAC. Sanofi Pasteur MSD. 2005.

Autores: Dra. Lua Català (Médica. Pediatra). Dr. Xavier Uriarte (Médico. Especialista en Rehabilitación). Grup Mèdic Reflexió Vacunes (GMRV).Fecha elaboración:  27 de enero de 2014.
Contacto: e-mail: xavier.uri@gmail.com
Revisión y correcciones: Dr. Manuel Mateu i Ratera.

Homeopatía. ¿Ángel o diablo?



Artículo periodístico publicado en el periódico mallorquín 'Última Hora' en Palma de Mallorca, el sábado 18 de enero de 2014, en base a una entrevista grabada.

Respuesta a la campaña NoSinEvidencia


Elementos para la reflexión seria sobre la Medicina Basada en la Evidencia:


-Sobre la medicina basada en la evidencia (réplica al Profesor Berrios) (http://homeopatiaahora.blogspot.com.es/2011/08/sobre-la-medicina-basada-en-la.html);

-Medicina Basada en la Evidencia: entre la herramienta científica y el paradigma comercial, y de la importancia de no confundir una con el otro (http://homeopatiaahora.blogspot.com.es/2012/12/medicina-basada-en-la-evidencia-entre.html).

-La manipulación de la evidencia científica (http://posmedicina.blogspot.com.es/2013/03/la-manipulacion-de-la-evidencia.html

 
Sobre la eficacia de las prácticas médicas convencionales:

Contradicted and Initially Stronger Effects in Highly Cited Clinical Research
(http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=201218)

What conclusions has Clinical Evidence drawn about what works, what doesn't based on randomised controlled trial evidence?
(http://clinicalevidence.bmj.com/x/set/static/cms/efficacy-categorisations.html)

Over 150 potentially low-value health care practices: an Australian study.
(https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2012/197/10/over-150-potentially-low-value-health-care-practices-australian-study)

A Decade of Reversal: An Analysis of 146 Contradicted Medical Practices(http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(13)00405-9/abstract).

How Many Contemporary Medical Practices Are Worse Than Doing Nothing or Doing Less?
(http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(13)00403-5/fulltext)

Ups and downs of evidence and practice guidelines
(http://www.cfp.ca/content/59/11/1143.full)

Is evidence-based medicine overrated in family medicine? Yes.
(http://www.cfp.ca/content/59/11/1160)

 
Sobre Homeopatía basada en la Ciencia y en la Evidencia:

-Scientific Framework Homeopathy - Evidenced Based Homeopathy 2013 (http://liga.iwmh.net/dokumente/upload/48b2f_Scientific_Framework_Homeopathy_2013.pdf);



-Science-based Medicine (http://www.scoop.it/t/homoeopathy);

-Evidence Based Homeopathy (http://www.evidencebasedhomeopathy.com/).


Y sobre la eficacia de la Homeopatía (además de lo anterior):







Hering's Law: Law, Rule or Dogma?

Introduction
In homeopathy today, Hering's law is widely recognized as the second law of cure, the first law of cure being similia similibus curantur, or like cures like. Hering's law pertains to the direction in which the symptoms of the patient will disappear during a cure under homeopathic treatment.
In his second lecture on homeopathic philosophy given in 1900 to the Post-Graduate School of Homœopathics, Kent said:
  • "The cure must proceed from centre to circumference. From centre to circumference is from above downward, from within outwards, from more important to less important organs, from the head to the hands and feet."
  • "Every homœopathic practitioner who understands the art of healing, knows that the symptoms which go off in these directions remain away permanently. Moreover, he knows that symptoms which disappear in the reverse order of their coming are removed permanently. It is thus he knows that the patient did not merely get well in spite of the treatment, but that he was cured by the action of the remedy. If a homœopathic physician goes to the bedside of a patient and, upon observing the onset of the symptoms and the course of the disease, sees that the symptoms do not follow this order after his remedy, he knows that he has had but little to do with the course of things." (1)
Here Kent does not differentiate between acute and chronic disease in the application of the law. It is reasonable to assume, because of the lack of precision, that he meant all diseases, acute and chronic of venereal and non-venereal origin, would disappear in the direction described above.

When first studying homeopathy, I listened to the teachers and read the "classic" modern works, and assumed, like my fellow colleagues, that Hering's law had been an irrefutable fact recognized by Hering and the many succeeding generations of homeopaths, and that all patients, (All italics used throughout this paper indicate my own emphasis of pertinent points.) acute and chronic, without an exception, would, at all times, be cured in the afore-mentioned direction under careful homeopathic treatment.
Later as a practitioner, I carefully applied myself to put the general homeopathic training I had received to the test. Since then, I have been able to substantiate most but not all of the rules, principles and laws contained in the homeopathic doctrine promulgated by several generations of homeopaths.
So far, however, I have been unable to substantiate Hering's law. Indeed, very rarely do I see, for instance, in a patient with chronic polyarthritis, the symptoms disappearing from the head first and then to the hands and feet. More often, the pain and other joint symptoms disappear in the reverse order of their appearance, even if it is from below upwards. In other words, if the arthritis manifested itself, as it happens at times, first in the knees and then in the ankles, the ankles would get better before the knees.
Or in a patient affected by a complex of essentially functional complaints such as fatigue, anxiety, irritability, difficult digestion, joint pain and acne, rarely would I see the disappearance of the emotional disturbance first, then the poor digestion followed by the joint pain and lastly the acne. With the simillimum most symptoms begin to improve simultaneously and disappear in the reverse order of their appearance, and not necessarily from above downwards and from inside outwards. In fact it is not uncommon that in such cases the acne, the last to have appeared, would disappear readily and the emotional state (the oldest symptom) would be the last to completely disappear.
While treating a patient with an acute febrile disease that had progressed in the first stage from chills to fever, then to perspiration and lastly to weakness, I would observe a rapid and gentle recovery but without the patient re-experiencing the perspiration, then the fever and lastly the chills. While recovering from acute diseases under homeopathic treatment, the patient does not re-experience the original symptoms one by one in the reverse order of their appearance. Many more troublesome exceptions similar to the above could be cited.
What was wrong with Hering's law as quoted above from Kent's Lectures on Homeopathic Philosophy? Had I misunderstood the law?
According to Webster's dictionary, a law is defined as a sequence of events that occurs with unvarying uniformity whereas a rule permits exceptions, and a dogma rests on opinion. Was this lack of confirmation of the said law due to "suppressive" homeopathic treatment as suggested by a number of theoretical and perhaps dogmatic homeopaths? If so, why have these so called "purists" not stood up and proven that all their cured cases followed the said law? To my knowledge this proof has not been forthcoming.
Was I the only practitioner in this position?
I questioned teachers and colleagues, some with many years of experience. Few could answer my questions and none has been able to substantiate from their own experience without the shadow of a doubt that Hering's law was a true law of nature. It seems that most were in the same situation as me, even the supposed authorities would discuss the matter but in private with the author. It seems that we all had classic cases of cure from above downwards, from within outwards, from more to less important organs and in the reverse order of appearance of symptoms. But these absolutely "perfect" cases were only occasional. The majority of cured cases did not fulfill all the four citedcriteria.
So I decided to go back to the sources.
On one hand, neither Kent, in his Lectures on Homœopathic Philosophy of 1900, nor Stuart Close, in The Genius of Homœopathy of 1924, nor Herbert Roberts, in The Principles and Art of Cure by Homœopathy of 1936 while discussing the above law, refer to it as Hering's law. (1-3) None of these three authors makes any reference to Hering in their lectures on the law of direction of cure. On the other hand, Garth Boericke, in A Compendium of the Principles of Homœopathy of 1929, refers to it as Hering's rule but not as a law. (4) Confusing, isn't it? Did Hering ever formulate a law on the direction of cure? If he did, why was his name not clearly associated with the law and was it as a law or a rule? Why was the literature so ambiguous?
At this point, I realized that the sources had to be explored further. The answers would all have to be within the literature of the nineteenth century. After a thorough examination of this literature I have so far been unable to find any of Hering's famous contemporaries and close colleagues discussing or making any reference to a law of direction of cure. Writings of Boenninghausen, Jahr, Joslin, P.P. Wells, Lippe, H.N.Guernsey, Dunham, E.A. Farrington, H.C. Allen, Nash, etc, were all silent.
When Hering died in 1880, colleagues all over the world assembled to pay tribute to the great homeopath. His many accomplishments were recalled. Strangely, none made any mention of a law of direction of cure promulgated by Hering. (5) Arthur Eastman, a student who was close to Hering during the last three years of the venerable homeopath, published in 1917 Life and Reminiscences of Dr. Constantine Hering also without mentioning a law pertaining to direction of cure. (6) Calvin Knerr, Hering's son-in-law, published in 1940, 60 years after Hering's death, the Life of Hering, a compilation of biographical notes. (7) Again no mention is made of the famous law. Not only confusing, but also puzzling.
Obviously, the sources had to be further explored. Here are the fruits of this exploration.

THE HISTORY RELATED TO THE FORMULATION OF HERING'S LAW
  1. Hahnemann - 1811
    With the first publication of his Materia Medica Pura in 1811, Hahnemann inaugurated a new arrangement of the symptoms: from above downwards, from inside outwards, but also from the parts to the generals.
  2. Hahnemann - 1828
    In 1828, Hahnemann published his first observations and theories on chronic diseases. (8) I summarize here the points most pertinent to the present discussion:
    • "All diseases, acute and chronic of non-venereal origin, come from the original malady, called psora. (page 7)
    • "A skin eruption is the first manifestation of psora. (page 38)
    • "The skin eruption acts as a substitute for the internal psora (page 11) and prevents the breaking out of the internal disease. (page 13)
    • "The more the skin eruption spreads the more it keeps the internal manifestations of psora latent. (page 40)
    • "But when the skin eruption is suppressed with an external application or other influences the latent psora goes unnoticed and its internal manifestation increases. Then "it originates a legion of chronic diseases." (page 12) Incidently, for Hahnemann, a suppressed skin eruption is not driven into the body as it was popularly thought in his time, and even today by most homeopaths, but rather the vital force is compelled "to effect a transference of a worse form of morbid action to other and more important parts." (Introduction of the Organon of Medicine page 62) (9)
    • "Latent psora, an abnormal susceptibility to disease, will manifest itself as severe diseases after exposure to stress (or as he calls it, unfavorable conditions of life) acute infections, trauma and injuries, exhaustion from overworking, lack of fresh air or exercise, frustration, grief, poor nutrition, etc, and by "incorrect and weakening allopathic treatment". (page 48)
    • "During the treatment of chronic diseases of non-venereal origin with antipsoric remedies, the last symptoms are always the first to disappear, "but the oldest ailments and those which have been most constant and unchanged, among which are the local ailments, are the last to give way." (page 135)
    • "If old symptoms return during an antipsoric treatment, it means that the remedy is affecting psora at its roots and will do much for its thorough cure (page 135). If a skin eruption appears during the treatment while all other symptoms have so far improved the end of the treatment is close."
  3. Hahnemann - 1833-43
    In paragraphs 161 and 248 of the fifth and sixth edition of the Organon of Medicine of 1833 and 1843 respectively, Hahnemann says that in the treatment of old and very old chronic disease, aggravation of the original disease does not appear if the remedy is accurately chosen and given in the appropriate small doses, which are only gradually increased. "When this is done, these exacerbations of the original symptoms of the chronic disease can appear only at the end of the treatment, when the cure is complete or nearly complete." The original symptoms of a chronic disease should be the last to aggravate or become more prominent before disappearing. (10)

    In paragraph 253 of the same work, the author states that in all diseases, especially in quickly arising (acute) ones, of all the signs that indicate a small beginning of improvement (or aggravation) that is not visible to everybody, the psychic condition of the patient and his general demeanor are the most certain and revealing.

    In paragraph 225, Hahnemann states that some psychic diseases are not the extension of physical disease but, "instead, with only slight physical illness, they arise and proceed from the psyche, from persistent grief, resentment, anger, humiliation and repeated exposure to fear and fright. In time such psychic diseases often greatly harm the physical health." In other words, Hahnemann had recognized the existence of psychosomatic diseases, those diseases which progress from within outwards and from above downwards.

    This is the background that now leads us to Hering, who, among all Hahnemann's students, was most similar to him. Like Hahnemann, Hering was a true scientist who totally adopted the inductive method in his scientific pursuits.
  4. Hering - 1845
    In 1845, Hering published in the preface of the first American edition of Hahnemann's Chronic Diseases an extract of an essay which was never published elsewhere, called "Guide to the Progressive Development of Homœopathy".

    In this essay, Hering writes:
    • "Every homœopathic physician must have observed that the improvement in pain takes place from above downward; and in diseases, from within outward. This is the reason why chronic diseases, if they are thoroughly cured, always terminate in some cutaneous eruption, which differs according to the different constitutions of the patients.
    • "The thorough cure of a widely ramified chronic disease in the organism is indicated by the most important organs being first relieved; the affection passes off in the order in which the organs had been affected, the more important being relieved first, the less important next, and the skin last. (page 7)
    • "Even the superficial observer will not fail in recognising this law of order.
    • "This law of order which we have pointed out above, accounts for numerous cutaneous eruptions consequent upon homœopathic treatment, even where they never had been seen before; it accounts for the obstinacy with which many kinds of herpes and ulcers remain upon the skin, whereas others are dissipated like snow. Those which remain, do remain because the internal disease is yet existing... It lastly accounts for one cutaneous affection being substituted for another." (11) (page 8)
    Here Hering assumes that all chronic diseases (it is likely that he is referring here to diseases of psoric origin, i.e., non-venereal) progress from less to more important organs and disappear in the reverse order. This is compatible with Hahnemann's theory that all chronic diseases of non-venereal origin manifest themselves first on the skin then internally. (Concerning the theories of Hahnemann, Hering wrote in 1836 in the first American edition of the Organon of Medicine: Whether the theories of Hahnemann are destined to endure a longer or a shorter space, whether they be the best or not, time only can determine; be it as it may however, it is a matter of minor importance. For myself, I am generally considered as a disciple and adherent of Hahnemann, and I do indeed declare, that I am one among the most enthusiastic in doing homage to his greatness; but nevertheless I declare also, that since my first acquaintance with homeopathy, (in the year 1821), down to the present day, I hve never yet accepted a single theory in the Organon as it is promulgated. I feel no aversion to acknowledge this even to the venerable sage himself. It is the genuine Hahnemannean spirit totally to disregard all theories, even those of one's own fabrication, when they are in opposition to the results of pure experience. All thoeries and hypotheses have no positive weight whatever, only so far as they lead to new experiments, and afford a better survey of the results of those already made. (page 17) (12)
  5. Hering - 1865
    It seems that Hering did not further elaborate on this subject, at least in the American literature, until 20 years later. In 1865, he published an article in the first volume of The Hahnemannian Monthly called "Hahnemann's three rules concerning the rank of symptoms". Hering states in this article that:
    • "The quintessence of Hahnemann's doctrine is, to give in all chronic diseases, i.e., such as progress from without inwardly, from the less essential parts of our body to the more essential, from the periphery to the central organs, generally from below upwards - to give in all such cases, by preference, such drugs as are opposite in their direction, or way of action, such as act from within outward, from up downward, from the most essential organs to the less essential, from the brain and the nerves outward and down to the most outward and the lowest of all organs, to the skin... All the antipsoric drugs of Hahnemann have this peculiarity as the most characteristic; the evolution of their effects from within towards without. (page 6-7)
    • "Hahnemann states, in his treatise on Chronic Diseases, American translation p.171: Symptoms recently developed are the first to yield. Older symptoms disappear last. Here we have one of Hahnemann's general observations, which like all of them, is of endless value, a plain, practical rule and of immense importance.
    • "The above rule might also be expressed in the following words: In diseases of long standing, where the symptoms or groups of symptoms have befallen the sick in a certain order, succeeding each other, more and more being added from time to time to those already existing, in such cases this order should be reversed during the cure; the last ought to disappear first and the first last." (page 7-8) (13)
    It is very clear here that Hering makes no mention of a law but rather of a rule, that the symptoms ought to disappear in the reverse order of their appearance during the homeopathic treatment of patients with chronic disease of psoric origin, the ones that progress from without inwardly, from less important to more important organs and generally from below upwards.
  6. Hering - 1875
    In 1875, Hering published the first volume of Analytical Therapeutics of the Mind in which he stated that "only such patients remain well and are really cured, who have been rid of their symptoms in the reverse order of their development". (page 24) (14) Here Hering makes no mention of the three other propositions regarding the direction of cure: from above downwards, from within outwards and from the more important to the less important organs. Why? Were they not considered as important to evaluate the direction of cure as stated in previous years?

    In the same work, Hering also explains that he adopted Hahnemann's arrangement of the materia medica: "First inner symptoms, then outer ones. This order we have now uniformly preserved throughout the whole work." (page 21) In explaining why he adopted this arrangement he says: "The arrangement as well as the style of printing, has the one object especially in view, viz.: to make it as easy as possible for the eye, and through the eye, for the mind to find what is looked for." He makes no mention of this arrangement corresponding to a direction of cure, as it has been suggested by some well wishing homeopaths.

    The origin of the term "Hering's law"
    Where does the term "Hering's law" come from as it seems never to have been mentioned in the literature during Hering's time? The earliest mention I have been able to find in the homeopathic literature dates from 1911, in an article published by Kent in the first volume of the Transactions of the Society of Homœopathicians called "Correspondence of Organs, and the Direction of Cure". Kent writes:
    • "Hering first introduced the law of direction of symptoms: from within out, from above downward, in reverse order of their appearance. It does not occur in Hahnemann's writings. It is spoken of as Hering's law. There is scarcely anything of this law in the literature of homœopathy, except the observation of symptoms going from above to the extremities, eruptions appearing on the skin and discharges from the mucous membranes or ulcers appearing upon the legs as internal symptoms disappear.
    • "There is non-specific assertion in the literature except as given in the lectures on philosophy at the Post- Graduate School." (15)
    It is reasonable to assume that Kent was the one that officialized the term "Hering's law" and so inadvertently popularized the concept of the existence of a clear and precise law of direction of cure. (At least up till 1899, at Kent's Post-Graduate School of Homeopathics, the directions of cure were still called "the Three Directions of cure [given by Hahnemann].) (16) By using the name of Hering it is reasonable to say that Kent thus created false and misleading historical assumptions. Since H.C. Allen had died two years previously (1909), the profession, at least in North America, had no other leaders capable to refute Kent and defend the classic Hahnemannian tradition. (It is to be remembered that in 1908 H.C. Allen had severely criticized the materia medica of the new synthetic remedies that Kent had been publishing since 1904 in The Critique. Kent was at the time the associate editor of this journal in which, almost monthly, he had been publishing the materia medica of a new synthetic remedy, each of very questionable value. During an open session at the annual meeting of the International Hahnemannian Association, Allen and G.P. Waring accused Kent of publishing materia medica that was "without proving or any clinical experience", which would have been completely contrary to the strict inductive method intrinsic to homeopathy. (17)

    Kent then stopped permanently the publication of these synthetic remedies, even the ones that he had previously promised for upcoming publication in The Critique. (18) Although Kent continued to publish regularly in The Critique until 1911 he restricted his articles to reporting clinical cases rather than materia medica. Never was a synthetic remedy ever published by Kent after the initial criticism of Allen even in his own journal, The Homœopathician, that he founded in 1912. Furthermore, when Kent published the second edition of his Lectures on Homœopathic Materia Medica in 1912 [the first edition was in 1904], all the synthetic remedies published between 1904 and 1908 were omitted.)

    In this same article, Kent says that in the course of treatment of a patient suffering with a psychic disease of the will (problems of affections, grief, anger, jealousy, etc), the heart or liver will be affected as the treatment progresses.

    While in a patient suffering from a mental disease (problems of the intellect), the stomach or the kidney will be affected during appropriate homeopathic treatment. Were these comments on the direction of cure and correspondence of organs based on Kent's impeccable and meticulous observations or was he rather formulating hypotheses? He does not explain further but he does mention later in the same paper that "through familiarity with Swedenborg, I have found the correspondences wrought out from the Word of God harmonious with all I have learned in the past thirty years. Familiarity with them aids in determining the effect of prescriptions." (15)

    Nowhere was I able to find in the writings of Kent, including in a collection of not yet republished lesser writings, any other mention of Hering's law as to the direction of cure.

    Discussion and Conclusion
    First let us briefly review the highlights of what has been so far demonstrated:
    • Between 1828 and 1843, Hahnemann enunciated his theories of chronic diseases and described his observations and rules about the progression and resolution of these chronic diseases. One key point of his theory is that a skin eruption is the first manifestation of psora, which is the source of all chronic diseases of non-venereal origin. In chronic disease the presenting symptoms of the patient ("those ailments which have been most constant and unchanged") may aggravate and will disappear in the reverse order of their appearance with the correct antipsoric remedies in the correct posology. Possibly, old symptoms may return during an antipsoric treatment. In all diseases, if after a homeopathic remedy the psychic symptoms are the first to improve or aggravate it is a most certain sign of curative change. For Hahnemann this inside outward improvement was not a law but rather a most certain sign of curative change. Finally not all diseases progress from outside inwards but certain diseases (psychosomatic diseases) can progress from within outwards.
    • In 1845, Hering enunciated the original observations of Hahnemann as a law of order in a work never to be published. In this law he mentions essentially four points, that "the improvement in pain takes place from above downward; and in diseases, from within outward... Chronic diseases if thoroughly cured, always terminate in some cutaneous eruption" and lastly "the thorough cure of a widely ramified chronic disease in the organism is indicated by the most important organs being first relieved; the affection passes off in the order in which the organs had been affected, the most important being relieved first, the less important next, and the skin last". As a reader I do not clearly sense that Hering is officially proclaiming the original observations of Hahnemann as an absolute law but rather that there is a "law of order" during a curative process. Also I was unable to find Hering or any of his contemporaries referring further to this unpublished work or to a law of direction of cure.
    • In 1865, Hering described these observations not as a law but as Hahnemann's general observations or as plain practical rules. Essentially he emphasizes the proposition that the symptoms should disappear in the reverse order of their appearance during the treatment of patients with chronic psoric diseases.
    • In 1875, Hering now discussed only one proposition, that the symptoms will disappear in the reverse order of their appearance. The three other propositions are now not mentioned at all.
    • All the illustrious contemporaries of Hering seems to remain silent on this point, at least from my review of the literature.
    • In 1911, Kent, almost arbitrarily, calls the original observations of Hahnemann "Hering's law".
    Now, with Kent's powerful influence, most modern works and presentations on homeopathy began to declare Hering's law as an established fact and seemingly assumed that it has been thoroughly verified since the beginning of homeopathy, although no author, to my knowledge, has so far been able to substantiate what each is repeating from the other. Here is one clear sign which indicates how profoundly the homeopathic profession of today has been cut off from its original and most essential sources. During the years of its decline in the U.S. the profession experienced a gradual discontinuity from its original foundation and started to rely more and more on a neo-foundation dating back to the turn of the present century. Each new generation of homeopaths has readily accepted Hering's law as a perfect law of cure and so unintentionally perpetuated a misleading assumption. For students it is an attractive concept but we clinicians must stand up and report our observations even if they are contrary to the teaching we have received.

    From reviewing the literature, it seems unlikely that the law formulated by Kent in 1911 is a fair represention of Hering's overall understanding of a direction of cure and that neither Kent nor anyone else has been able thus far to clinically demonstrate that the original observations of Hahnemann constituted in fact a perfect law of nature. But if we assume, for a moment, that the law formulated by Kent is true, would all symptoms then have to disappear, not only in the reverse order of their appearance, but also from above downwards, from within outwards and from more important to less important organs?

    To comply with this law it would mean that all diseases to be curable must proceed from outside inwards, from below upwards and from less important to more important organs. Many acute diseases and a whole list of chronic diseases such as psychosomatic diseases and others that develop from within outwards (for example cases of arthritis followed by psoriasis), or diseases that develop from above downwards, as in certain cases of polyarthritis, would then be theoritically incurable. Or (since we know this not to be the case) they are curable, but represent notable exceptions to Kent's formulation of a law of direction of cure.

    In many cases of chronic disease the direction of disappearance of symptoms will contradict at least one of the four propositions. I assume that we all agree that the enunciation of a law must be based on impeccable observations. A law, if it is to be called a law, must explain all observable phenomena of direction of cure. It is unacceptable to use limited or even selected clinical phenomena to confirm a supposed law.

    This situation appears to exist when certain homeopaths in their attempts to defend "pure" homeopathy subscribe to the position that what is observed as contrary to Hering's law, as formulated by Kent, is only due to poor prescribing, suppressive at times, palliative at best but surely not curative. For them what is wrong, is not the law but the prescription: "the simillimum was not given."

    Personally I use and can daily confirm the original observations of Hahnemann concerning the direction of cure and have found them extremely helpful to evaluate the evolution of diseases or of cure but I have not been able to substantiate these observations as a law and have not yet found a colleague with such substantiation. I use them as plain practical rules.

    Probably by the end of my career, homeopathy will have become widely accepted. I would then resent it if a group of objective scientists clinically investigate the principles of homeopathy, and find numerous exceptions not abiding to our idealistic or dogmatic conception of Hering's law; thus renderiing it only "a plain, practical rule". I would similarly resent having a group of scientists saying that for the last hundred or more years the homeopathic profession has been blindly erring in assuming that Hering's law was an irrefutable fact.

    Five of the many plagues that have hindered the growth of homeopathy are ignorance, egotism, dogmatism, idolatry and the diversion from the inductive method. In his last address to the profession in an article published in the August 1880 (Hering died on July 23, 1880.) issue of the North American Journal of Homœopathy, Hering warned us that "if our school ever gives up the strict inductive method of Hahnemann we are lost, and deserve to be mentioned only as a caricature in the history of medicine." (19) Indeed, since its early beginning the tendency to rationalize the practice of medicine has also constantly threatened homeopathy. Hahnemann, who had a thorough understanding of the history of medicine, knew that the only sure way was based on the experimental method. Hering demonstrated the same rigor. Unfortunatively, we can not say the same of Kent. Let us now start carefully observing and reporting any facts that would help to perfect Hahnemann's original observations. If a direction of cure can be expressed within the context of a law, then so be it. But until demonstrated otherwise, it should remain "a plain, practical rule". The law that we suspect still needs to be rightly formulated.

    At present it seems appropriate to refer to these observations as the rules of the direction of cure. To refer to these as Hahnemann's or Hering's rules may further prolong the confusion. From my personal experience, it appears that the four rules are not applicable to all cases and that there is a hierarchy among them, i.e., they do not have equal value. The first indication that a disease is being cured under homeopathic treatment is that the presenting and reversible (Many symptoms related to irreversible lesions can not be expected to totally disappear; consequently the more a symptom is related to organic changes, the less likely, or more slowly it will disappear. The greater the irreversibility of the pathology the greater the symptoms will linger. The practitioner can easily be confused by these important exceptions, which are often not well perceived. Therefore this rule [of symptoms disappearing in the reverse order of appearance] is generally less applicable to symptoms deriving from organic lesions.) symptoms of the disease will disappear in the reverse order of their appearance.

    This confirms the observations as pointed out originally and plainly by Hahnemann in The Chronic Diseases and later by Hering in 1865 and 1875. This means that during the treatment of patients suffering with chronic diseases of non-venereal origin and also at times with acute diseases, the presenting symptoms of the patient's chronic dynamic disease (as opposed to the symptoms resulting essentially from gross error of living) will disappear in the reverse order of their appearance. So the presenting symptoms that have developed in the order of A B C D E seem to consistently disappear in the order of E D C B A. This rule seems to have supremacy over the other three rules: from more important to the less important organs, from within outwards and from above downwards.

    The word "presenting" is here emphasized in order to state perfectly clearly that the symptoms that will disappear in the reverse order of the their appearance are only the presenting symptoms, and that it is not at all expected that every ailment experienced by the patient in his past will again be re-experienced under homeopathic treatment. In fact only a few of these old symptoms and conditions will reappear during a homeopathic treatment, usually the ones that have unmistakably been suppressed by whatever influences. Beside antipathic treatment that will suppress symptoms and normal functions of the organism (perspiration or menses) there are other measures which will cause suppression of symptoms, first, dissimilar diseases, natural or artificial; second, external influences such as exposure to cold temperature, (i.e., suppressed menses from getting the feet wet); and lastly, internal influences that cause the person to suppress emotions such as anger or grief. This rule concerning cure in the reverse order of appearance of the presenting and reversible symptoms of the disease is the most important of the four as it is observable in almost all cases. The importance of this rule is well emphasized by Hering in 1865 when he mentioned:
    • "This rule enables the Hahnemannian artist not only to cure the most obstinate chronic diseases, but also to make a certain prognosis when discharging a cases, whether the patient will remain cured or whether the disease will return, like a half-paid creditor, at the first opportunity." (12)
    The second most important (applicable) rule in the hierarchy is that cure will proceed from more important to less important organs. Third in importance is the rule that cure will proceed from within outwards. Fourth, least important and least often observable, the cure will proceed from above downwards. Hahnemann's observation thatof all the signs that indicate a small beginning of improvement, the psychic condition of the patient and his general demeanor are the most certain and revealing is seen as the source of the last three rules. "The very beginning of improvement is indicated by a sense of greater ease, composure, mental freedom, higher spirits, and returning naturalness." (paragraph 253) 10 This original observation of Hahnemann, which is verified daily, does not contradict the first rule in any case because the first sign of improvement can be and is often different than the symptom that would first disappear.

    Consequent to Hahnemann's theory, (that all diseases, acute and chronic of non-venereal origin, come from the original malady called psora and its first manifestation is a skin eruption) all cases of chronic disease of dynamic origin must develop a skin eruption to be totally cured. As it seems unfeasible to demonstrate, it should at best be used as a working hypothesis and not as a law. For a law to exist it must be demonstrable without exception. Hahnemann had a clear opinion about the role of the physician as theorist when he wrote in the preface to the fourth volume of The Chronic Diseases:
    • "I furnished, indeed, a conjecture about it [on how the cure of diseases is effected], but I did not desire tocall it an explanation, i.e., a definite explanation of the modus operandi. Nor was this at all necessary, for it is only incumbent upon us to cure similar symptoms correctly and successfully, according to a law of nature [similia similibus curantur] which is being constantly confirmed; but not to boast with abstract explanations, while we leave the patients uncured; for that is all which so-called physicians have hitherto accomplished." (8)
    To end this thesis, I would like to leave you with the spirit of some pertinent thoughts of Constantine Hering. In 1879, in the last two paragraphs to the preface of his last work, The Guiding Symptoms of our Materia Medica, he writes:
    • "It has been my rule through life never to accept anything as true, unless it came as near mathematical proof as possible in its domain of science; and, in the other hand, never to reject anything as false, unless there was stronger proof of its falsity.
    • "Some will say, "but so many things - a majority of all observations - will thus remain between the two undecided." So they will; and can it be helped? It can, but only by accumulating most careful observations and contributing them to the general fund of knowledge." (20)
    And finally he wrote in 1845 in the preface of Hahnemann's Chronic Diseases:
    • "It is the duty of all of us to go farther in the theory and practice of Homœopathy than Hahnemann has done. We ought to seek the truth which is before us and forsake the errors of the past." (page 9) (11)
    References
    1. Kent JT. Lectures on Homœopathic Philosophy. 2nd Ed. Chicago: Ehrhart & Karl, 1929.
    2. Close S. The Genius of Homœopathy. Philadelphia: Boericke & Tafel, 1924.
    3. Roberts HA. The Principles and Art of Cure by Homœopathy. 2nd Revised Edition. Rustington: Health Science Press, 1942.
    4. Boericke G. A compend of the Principles of Homœopathy for Students in Medicine. Philadelphia: Boericke & Tafel, 1929.
    5. Raue CG, Knerr CB, Mohr C, eds. A Memorial of Constantine Hering. Philadelphia: Press of Globe Printing House, 1884.
    6. Eastman AM. Life and Reminiscences of Dr. Constantine Hering. Philadelphia: Published by the family for private circulation, 1917.
    7. Knerr CB. Life of Hering. Philadelphia: The Magee Press, 1940.
    8. Hahnemann SC. The Chronic Diseases. Trans. by LF Tafel. Philadelphia: Boericke & Tafel, 1896.
    9. Hahnemann SC. Organon of Medicine. Trans. by W Boericke. Philadelphia: Boericke & Tafel, 1920
    10. Hahnemann SC. Organon of Medicine. Trans. by J Kunzli. Los Angeles: J.P. Tarcher, 1982.
    11. Hering C. Preface. In Hahnemann SC. The Chronic Diseases. Trans. by CJ Hempel. New-York: William Radde, 1845.
    12. Hering C. Preface to the first American edition. In the Organon of Homœopathic Medicine. New-York: William Radde, 1836.
    13. Hering C. Hahnemann's Three Rules Concerning the Rank of Symptoms. Hahnemannian Monthly 1865;1:5-12.
    14. Hering C. Analytical Therapeutics of the Mind. Vol 1. Philadelphia: Boericke & Tafel, 1875.
    15. Kent JT. Correspondence of Organs, and Direction of Cure. Trans Soc. Homœopathicians 1911;1:31-33.
    16. Loos JC. Homœopathic Catechism. Journal of Homœopathics 1898-1899;2:480-488.
    17. Mastin JM. Editorial. Critique 1908;15:277-278.
    18. Mastin JM. Editorial. Critique 1907;14:228-229.
    19. Hering C. Apis. North American Journal of Homœopathy 1880;29:29-35.
    20. Hering C. The Guiding Symptoms of our Materia Medica. Vol 1. Philadelphia: The American Publishing Society, 1879.

Author: André Saine, 1982 graduate of the National College of Naturopathic Medicine in Portland, Oregon. He is board-certified in homeopathy (1988) by the Homeopathic Academy of Naturopathic Physicians.
Presented at the Second Annual Session of the Homeopathic Academy of Naturopathic Physicians in Seattle, Washington, April 16-17, 1988.
Source: The Canadian Academy of Homeopathy.

La influencia de Emmanuel Swedenborg en la Homeopatía

Los médicos homeópatas norteamericanos del siglo XIX, Gram, Hempel, Boericke, Farrington, Grimmer, Tafel entre otros, y por sobretodo Hering y Kent, concibieron la doctrina médica homeopática a la luz de las enseñanzas filosóficas de Swedenborg y su modelo ontológico de la realidad.
George G. Starkey, discípulo y amigo personal de James Tyler Kent, quizás el gran maestro americano, destaca que no una sino muchas veces el Dr. Kent le decía sustancialmente estas palabras: “Toda mi enseñanza está fundada sobre la de Hahnemann1 y la de Swedenborg; las enseñanzas de uno y otro corresponden perfectamente.
La ley de curación siguiendo diferentes planos de grados y ordenes. El concepto de totalidad, unidad y sustancia simple. La concepción de la enfermedad como un nuevo orden existencial en el hombre enfermo devenido de una susceptibilidad individual predisponente y la consiguiente correspondencia de este orden en alguna de las sustancias experimentadas, son sólo algunas de las similitudes que llevaron a estos maestros de Homeopatía del pasado a profundizar el insondable pensamiento swedenborgiano.
Corresponde a este ensayo ampliar la concepción kentiana respecto de la influencia de los medicamentos homeopáticos y el sentido de la enfermedad y de la curación.

Trabajo completo: http://www.universidadcandegabe.org/files/Trabajos/m_candegabe/emmanuel_swedenborg.pdf
Fuente: Universidad Candegabe de Homeopatía